Mariana Trench. In Norway, Kirkenes (69°43′37″N 030°02′44″E / 69.72694°N 30.04556°E / 69.72694; 30.04556 (Kirkenes)) and Vardø (70°22′14″N 031°06′27″E / 70.37056°N 31.10750°E / 70.37056; 31.10750 (Vardø)) are ports on the mainland. Who lives in the Arctic Ocean? The seafloor began spreading from the Gakkel Ridge in the Paleocene and Eocene, causing the Lomonosov Ridge to move farther from land and subside. The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly during the Earth's history. ORIGIN. There are several ports and harbors around the Arctic Ocean[16]. It is an extension of the Icelandic Low, which creates cyclonic ocean circulation in this area. Depth of the Arctic Ocean Since she has been embedded in the pack ice on the 4th of September 2006, Tara has been drifting along the chain (or ridge) of Lomonossov. The deepest part of the Arctic Ocean is 18,210 feet … The freezing point of salt water is 28.8 °F, and the waters below the surface of the ice remain just above this tem… There are oceanic basins farther north that are as much as 14,800 feet deep. Pytheas of Massilia recorded an account of a journey northward in 325 BC, to a land he called "Eschate Thule", where the Sun only set for three hours each day and the water was replaced by a congealed substance "on which one can neither walk nor sail". This is due to the … The Dorset were the last major Paleo-Eskimo culture in the Arctic before the migration east from present-day Alaska of the Thule, the ancestors of the modern Inuit. It is mostly covered by ice all year around. [39] The width of the Fram Strait is what allows for both inflow and outflow on the Atlantic side of the Arctic Ocean. The deepest point is Litke Deep in the Eurasian Basin, at 5,450 meters (17,880 feet). In Greenland, the main port is at Nuuk (Nuuk Port and Harbour) (64°10′15″N 051°43′15″W / 64.17083°N 51.72083°W / 64.17083; -51.72083 (Nuuk Port and Harbour)). The deepest known point is nearly 7 miles below the surface. The average ocean depth, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, is 2.3 miles (3.7 kilometers), or about 12,100 feet. The fifth deepest ocean, the Arctic Ocean has an average depth of 3.407 feet (1,038 meters). In contrast, the Siberian and Chukchi shelves off … The Arctic Ocean is in a polar climate. Depth: the Arctic Ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world with an average depth of 3,406 feet (1,038 m). [72][73], Other environmental concerns relate to the radioactive contamination of the Arctic Ocean from, for example, Russian radioactive waste dump sites in the Kara Sea[74] Cold War nuclear test sites such as Novaya Zemlya,[75] Camp Century's contaminants in Greenland,[76] or radioactive contamination from Fukushima. We saw no bubbles or columns of gas in the water. Also, there is Longyearbyen (78°13′12″N 15°39′00″E / 78.22000°N 15.65000°E / 78.22000; 15.65000 (Longyearbyen)) on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago, next to Fram Strait. [70][71], Sea ice, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilize methane deposits on and near the shoreline,[72] preventing the clathrate breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming. Lion's mane jellyfish are abundant in the waters of the Arctic, and the banded gunnel is the only species of gunnel that lives in the ocean. Year by year the Arctic Ocean is becoming less icy, as a result of global warming. The Eurasia Basin has a depth of 17,881 feet (5,450 meters). Winters are characterized by the polar night, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies. The deepest point is in the Eurasian Basin, at 5,450 m (17,881 ft). Endangered species there include walruses, whales and polar bears. The total surface area of the Arctic Ocean is 6 million mi 2. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oceans with an area of 5,427,000 square miles (14,056,000 sq km). The few expeditions to penetrate much beyond the Arctic Circle in this era added only small islands, such as Novaya Zemlya (11th century) and Spitzbergen (1596), though since these were often surrounded by pack-ice, their northern limits were not so clear. Arctic ocean is the fifth deepest ocean in the world. The Chukchi Sea to the … The ocean contains every known naturally occuring element plus various gases, chemical compounds, and minerals. The area of Indian Ocean which is 54,40,000 square miles (14:090,000 square km) which is equal to five times larger than that of the considered largest sea, the Mediterranean Sea. Inactive Arctic glacier (left) and inactive Arctic glacier face (right). On the west, Bering Strait links it with the Pacific Ocean. The South Atlantic's deepest part is located in the South Sandwich Trench at 27,651 feet. Exclusive economic zones in Arctic Ocean :[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Together with a REV Ocean researcher, you will be able to observe some of the unique life in the Arctic, and at the same time try to identify areas where there may be plastic or other pollution, so that it can later … 55 million years ago during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, when global climate underwent a warming of approximately 5–8 °C (9–14 °F), the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F). In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about 50 m [160 ft]) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest. Mean surface circulation is predominately cyclonic on the Eurasian side and anticyclonic in the Canadian Basin. One third of the Arctic Ocean comprises a continental shallow shelf. [39] During the winter, cold Alaskan winds blow over the Chukchi Sea, freezing the surface water and pushing this newly formed ice out to the Pacific. This is the first time REV Ocean has opened the vessel and science equipment for public access. [65][66] Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period. [37] Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C [37 °F]). At this time, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the Bering land bridge that joined Siberia to northwestern North America (Alaska), leading to the Settlement of the Americas. With an average depth of 13,740 feet, the Pacific Ocean is the deepest. The maximum snow cover is in March or April — about 20 to 50 cm (7.9 to 19.7 in) over the frozen ocean. Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue. The most important feature of this water mass is a section referred to as the sub-surface layer. It is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Bering Strait and to the Atlantic Ocean through the Greenland Sea and Labrador Sea.[1]. The deepest place in the Arctic Ocean is the Eurasia Basin, with a depth of 17,881 feet. The climatic condition of Arctic Ocean is influenced by the solar radiation, and the periodic passage of atmosphere and river flows from the landmasses that surround the Ocean, bringing winds precipitation, and temperature. The region does not experience much fluctuation throughout the year in terms of temperature, and temperatures during the long winter months remain very cold but stable. 18,456 ft. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is 1,038 m (3,406 ft). [61] It is significant for the global energy market because it may hold 25% or more of the world's undiscovered oil and gas resources. Countries bordering the Arctic Ocean are: Russia, Norway, Iceland, Greenland (territory of the Kingdom of Denmark), Canada and the United States. Scientific settlements were established on the drift ice and carried thousands of kilometers by ice floes.[12]. The Arctic Ocean's average depth, meanwhile, is much shallower — around 0.65 miles (1.04 kilometers), or 3,407 feet. [37] Arctic Bottom Water is critically important because of its outflow, which contributes to the formation of Atlantic Deep Water. The World Ocean Database (WOD) is used to evaluate the halocline depth simulated by an ice-ocean coupled model in the Canada Basin during 1990–2008. The Southern Ocean has an average depth of 13,100 feet to 16,400 feet. Endangered marine species in the Arctic Ocean include walruses and whales. The Arctic is the smallest of the world’s oceans . As recently as 55 million years ago, during the eocene epoch, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F). The Arctic’s ocean average depth is of approximately 1,100 meters (3,600 ft.). The deepest of all soundings which are obtained in the Arctic Ocean is 18050 feet equals to 5502 meters, whereas the average depth is 3240 feet which is 987 meters only. Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year. It has an average depth of 1,295 meters. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of all five oceans. The Arctic Ocean has a volume of 18,750,000 cubic kilometers (4,500,000 cubic miles). The North Pole is near the center of the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is unique in that nearly one-third of its total area is underlain by continental shelf, which is asymmetrically distributed around its circumference. The overturning of this water plays a key role in global circulation and the moderation of climate. The Arctic Ocean covers an area of about 14,056,000 km2. Also, the depth of acidified waters increased from approximately 325 feet below the surface to more than 800 feet. The depth of the Arctic Ocean averages 4,362 feet. It is fed by the freshwater input of the big Siberian and Canadian streams (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Mackenzie), the water of which quasi floats on the saltier, denser, deeper ocean water. Zones of compression also arise, where the ice piles up to form pack ice.[43][44][45]. The ice is about 2-3 meters (6-10 feet) thick. The Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges. The Arctic Ocean … The Arctic Ocean is unique in that nearly one-third of its total area is underlain by continental shelf, which is asymmetrically distributed around its circumference. The Arctic Ocean occupies a roughly circular basin and covers an area of about 14,056,000 km2 (5,427,000 sq mi), almost the size of Antarctica. The temperature must reach −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) before freezing occurs. North of Alaska and Greenland the shelf is 60 to 120 miles wide, which is the normal width of continental shelves. The average depth of the Canada Basin is 12,500 feet. The Barents Sea is a part of the Arctic Ocean, lies to the north of Norway and Russia. It is mostly covered by ice all year around. Tun ATLANTIC BASIN. The deepest point on the planet with the depth of 11.03 kilometers below sea level and lies in the western Pacific Ocean, about 2,550km in length and an … The deepest of all soundings which are obtained in the Arctic Ocean is 18050 feet equals to 5502 meters, whereas the average depth is 3240 feet which is 987 meters only. The oceans' deepest area is the Mariana Trench, also called the Marianas Trench, which is in the western part of the Pacific Ocean… It is fed by the freshwater input of the big Siberian and Canadian streams (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Mackenzie), the water of which quasi floats on the saltier, denser, deeper ocean water. It’s coastline is 45,389 kilometers long. John Barrow, longtime Second Secretary of the British Admiralty, promoted exploration of the region from 1818 to 1845 in search of this. "Arctic Sea Ice Minimum | NASA Global Climate Change", Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow – Cryosphere Today, "Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure", "Arctic climate change as manifest in cyclone behavior", "The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A Perturbation of Carbon Cycle, Climate, and Biosphere with Implications for the Future", "Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period", "Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum", "Climate Change Is Ravaging the Arctic, Report Finds", "The Arctic Is Warming Twice as Fast as The Rest of The Planet", "In the dark: A review of ecosystem processes during the Arctic polar night", "Climate effects on Barents Sea ecosystem dynamics", The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons, "Has the Arctic Ocean always had ice in summer? The deepest sounding obtained in Arctic waters is 18,050 feet (5,502 metres), but the average depth is only 3,240 feet (987 metres). Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round. [38] This process leaves dense, salty waters in the sea that sink over the continental shelf into the western Arctic Ocean and create a halocline.[40]. Geography. The central surface covered by ice about 3 metres (9.8 feet) thick. In Russia, major ports sorted by the different sea areas are: The ocean's Arctic shelf comprises a number of continental shelves, including the Canadian Arctic shelf, underlying the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and the Russian continental shelf, which is sometimes simply called the "Arctic Shelf" because it is greater in extent. T he smallest of the three major oceans, the Indian Ocean covers an area of about 73 million square kilometers (about 28 million square miles) - about 20 percent of the total area covered by the world's oceans. [68], Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans. [62], The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and a seasonal hole in the ozone layer frequently occurs. The new portrayal of the Arctic Ocean floor is in the form of a digital gridded database and comprises Version 4.0 of the International … [6], Human habitation in the North American polar region goes back at least 50,000–17,000 years ago, during the Wisconsin glaciation. Of these three, the Siberian Shelf is the largest such shelf in the world. Release of version 4 of the IBCAO. Sunlight entering the water may travel about 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) into the ocean under the right conditions, but there is rarely any significant light beyond 200 meters (656 feet). The total area of the Arctic ocean is around 5.4 million square miles. Be one of the first aboard REV Ocean’s new 7500/3 Triton submarine. Location. The Atlantic Basin deepens to a depth of about 13,000 feet, usually within a distance of 200 or 300 miles from the eoast-line, and this may he taken as the average depth of the ocean floor beneath the water sur face between latitude 50° N. and 50° S. To the northward of latitude 50° N. the depth of the floor is much less, ranging from only about 6500 to 13,000 feet, and this same … It occupies 4.3% of total ocean area. [16][45], The political dead zone near the center of the sea is also the focus of a mounting dispute between the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, and Denmark. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is 1,038 metres (3,406 feet). The situation is more drastic in many of the Arctic’s coastal areas, where August temperatures have been rising by as much as 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit (1 degree Celsius) per decade. [1] It spans an area of approximately 14,060,000 km² and is also known as the coldest of all the oceans. It occupies the most northern region of Earth. The Arctic region covers parts of eight countries: Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and the… Surface Area of the Planet (510,066,000 sq km) Land Area on the Planet (148,647,000 sq km) 29.1% ; Ocean Area (335,258,000 sq km) … A new study published today in Scientific Reports by University of Delaware researchers and colleagues reveals that 100 feet below the surface of the ocean is a critical depth … The average depth clocks in at just over 2 miles, or about 12,100 feet. The average ocean depth, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, is 2.3 miles (3.7 kilometers), or about 12,100 feet. [37] As it is entrained, it cools and acts a heat shield for the surface layer. In just 15 years, the Arctic Ocean may be ice-free in summer, study says. The surface waters of the Arctic Ocean warmed enough to support tropical lifeforms. Because the ocean is a big place and difficult to study, if you search online to find the depth of the ocean, you may end up with a range of results. From the Arctic Ocean, north to Antarctica in the south, in the space between the east coast of North America and South America and the western coasts of Europe and Africa.It occupies more than 106 million km² of total area. It covers almost the whole ocean in late winter and the majority of the ocean in late summer. The rare narwhal, often called the ‘unicorn of the sea’ can only be found in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean includes the North Pole region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere, and extends south to about 60°N. The area has a fragile ecosystem, and it is especially exposed to climate change, because it warms faster than the rest of the world. The crystalline basement rocks of mountains around the Arctic Ocean were recrystallized or formed during the Ellesmerian orogeny, the regional phase of the larger Caledonian orogeny in the Paleozoic. Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genera and species to become extinct. Statistical results show that the simulated halocline is reliable. In World War II, the European region of the Arctic Ocean was heavily contested: the Allied commitment to resupply the Soviet Union via its northern ports was opposed by German naval and air forces. The two main oceanic basins are further subdivided by ridges into various … It remains relatively stable, because the salinity effect on density is bigger than the temperature effect. The ocean is divided into three zones based on depth and light level. The site for the lowest area of the Atlantic is found at Fram Basin at 15,305 feet deep. The biology there is quite special. Be one of the first aboard REV Ocean’s new 7500/3 Triton submarine. In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about 50 m [160 ft]) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest. The ocean's area is about 14.056 million km 2, which is the smallest of the world's 5 oceans, and it has 45,389 kilometres (28,203 miles) of coastline.The central surface covered by ice about 3 metres (9.8 feet) thick.The biology there is quite special. It has an average depth of 3,953 feet (1,205 m) and its deepest point is the Fram Basin at -15,305 feet (-4,665 m). The average depth of the Canada Basin is 12,500 feet. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. [39] It flows slowly, at about 0.02 m/s. This is one reason why the Arctic does not experience the extreme temperatures seen on the Antarctic continent. Phytoplankton are a crucial part of the ocean. [47] It is cloudy year-round, with mean cloud cover ranging from 60% in winter to over 80% in summer.[48]. Maximum depth: 10,882 meters. The agreement calls for those nations to refrain from fishing there until there is better scientific knowledge about the marine resources and until a regulatory system is in place to protect those resources. The water in the Arctic Ocean ranges from a plus 2 degrees to a minus 2 degrees Centigrade (close to freezing). Also, some of these areas listed in the table are located in the Atlantic Ocean. Size and Boundaries. The ocean’s breadth from east to west varies considerably. The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land). Arctic Ocean consists of saltwater but its salinity is less than other oceans. The coastline is 45,390 kilometers (28,200 miles) long. 1. In Alaska, the main ports are Barrow (71°17′44″N 156°45′59″W / 71.29556°N 156.76639°W / 71.29556; -156.76639 (Barrow)) and Prudhoe Bay (70°19′32″N 148°42′41″W / 70.32556°N 148.71139°W / 70.32556; -148.71139 (Prudhoe)). … On the 17th and … The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea. Waters originating in the Pacific and Atlantic both exit through the Fram Strait between Greenland and Svalbard Island, which is about 2,700 metres (8,900 feet) deep and 350 kilometres (220 miles) wide. The Gakkel Ridge rift is also poorly understand and may extend into the Laptev Sea.[35][36]. Important consumers of primary producers in the central Arctic Ocean and the adjacent shelf seas include zooplankton, especially copepods (Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis, and Calanus hyperboreus[59]) and euphausiids,[60] as well as ice-associated fauna (e.g., amphipods[59]). [64], As the extent of sea ice diminishes and sea level rises, the effect of storms such as the Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012 on open water increases, as does possible salt-water damage to vegetation on shore at locations such as the Mackenzie's river delta as stronger storm surges become more likely. Much of the Arctic ice pack is covered in snow for about 10 months of the year. Details of a new depth map of the Arctic Ocean have been published in the Nature Journal Scientific Data. The Arctic Ocean is at the top of the Earth, north of Asia, Europe, and North America. [63] Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism. Depth. [45][64] Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040. Its deepest point is the Eurasia Basin, one of the two basins created by the Lomonosov Ridge, which bisects this ocean. It is a product of Atlantic water that enters through canyons and is subjected to intense mixing on the Siberian Shelf. The supposition that the depths of the sea generally correspond to the heights of the land is thus veri fied; not that there is any necessary connection between the … At just over 14 million square kilometres, the Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world’s oceans. In England and other European nations, the myth of an "Open Polar Sea" was persistent. The Atlantic Basin deepens to a depth of about 13,000 feet, usually within a distance of 200 or 300 miles from the eoast-line, and this may he taken as the average depth of the ocean floor beneath the water sur face between latitude 50° N. and 50° S. For example, the Beaufort High—an extension of the Siberian High system—is a pressure system that drives the anticyclonic motion of the Beaufort Gyre. The fifth deepest ocean, the Arctic Ocean has an average depth of 3.407 feet (1,038 meters). [16] Before the advent of modern icebreakers, ships sailing the Arctic Ocean risked being trapped or crushed by sea ice (although the Baychimo drifted through the Arctic Ocean untended for decades despite these hazards). Comparing of the September sea ice extent between simulation and SSM/I dataset, a consistent interannual variability is found between them. [37] It is composed of the densest water in the World Ocean and has two main sources: Arctic shelf water and Greenland Sea Deep Water. [18] The deepest point is Molloy Hole in the Fram Strait, at about 5,550 m (18,210 ft).[19]. March 9, 2017. Barents Sea. Icebergs pose a hazard to ships, of which the Titanic is one of the most famous. The depth in the Arctic Ocean, at a point 400 miles from the pole, was found to be only 72 fathoms, or 432 feet, while the greatest depth yet found within the Antarctic Circle was 1,975 fathoms, or 11,850 feet. [1] The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years, showing a continuous decline in sea ice extent. The Arctic Ocean has relatively little plant life except for phytoplankton. Generally, the climate of Arctic Ocean is categorized as long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The Arctic Ocean is not only ranked the smallest in size (it's 10 times smaller than the Pacific Ocean), it's also the shallowest. This lack of knowledge of what lay north of the shifting barrier of ice gave rise to a number of conjectures. He was probably describing loose sea ice known today as "growlers" or "bergy bits"; his "Thule" was probably Norway, though the Faroe Islands or Shetland have also been suggested.[10]. The final defined water mass in the Arctic Ocean is called Arctic Surface Water and is found from 150–200 metres (490–660 feet). Ocean acidification is spreading rapidly in the western Arctic Ocean in both area and depth, potentially affecting shellfish, other marine species in the food web and communities that depend on these resources, according to new research published in Nature Climate Change by NOAA, Chinese marine scientists and other partners. 60 ] in ice-covered regions of the Ocean countries bordering the Arctic Ocean has the lowest of! 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